Results supported a single factor solution and the 17-item Measure, and subjected to factor analysis and preliminary evaluation of Taken by 210 undergraduate students along with a Big Five personality The Martin Stigma Against Tattoos Survey (MSATS), was created, Popularity, a method to analyze stigma against tattooed individuals is Isolation, and discrimination, and that negative stigma has been and Previous research indicates stigmas can produce feelings of fear, #Skin deep tattoos skinAPA style: More than skin deep: perceptions of, and stigma against, tattoos.More than skin deep: perceptions of, and stigma against, tattoos." Retrieved from 2010 Project Innovation (Alabama) 03 Oct. #Skin deep tattoos freeMLA style: "More than skin deep: perceptions of, and stigma against, tattoos." The Free Library.The findings were published in the journal Contact Dermatitis. The differences between different brands were remarkable." "Least impurities have been found in black and white colors, while the most problematic substances were found in red inks. "This study suggests that tattoo inks should be better controlled, and consumers should be more careful," said Hedberg. Several other pigments, which were either prohibited or declared as non-suitable, were found in 61 percent of the tattoo inks including, pigment red 22, pigment red 170, pigment blue 15, pigment green 7, pigment violet 23, pigment red 122, and pigment violet 19. Blue- and green-colored inks contained copper, which exceeded the European restriction limit in three samples. Some other impurities like arsenic, mercury and lead were also present in one sample each. Traces of potentially harmful metals nickel and chromium were present in all samples. The chemistry of tattoo inks is potentially even more dangerous. Also, the recommendation would not prevent future allergic reactions from occurring or provide any juridical insurance for the manufacturers. In a worst-case scenario, the recommended testing could actually initiate an allergy. #Skin deep tattoos PatchPatch and allergy testing methods not accepted by dermatologists were incorrectly recommended for many samples. The majority (93 percent) of the samples violated European legislative requirements. "Most of these inks come from the United States and there is very little legislation governing their production." "Nearly everyone in the world can order just about any tattoo ink they wish online," said Hedberg, a professor in Western's department of chemistry. Tattoo ink legislation in Canada and the United States is far more lax, Hedberg said. There are further restrictions for the maximum content of certain metals and impurities, as well as recommendations to avoid certain pigments. Permanent, non-removable tattoos can also result in severe and chronic eczema with its potentially life-threatening consequences.Įuropean and Swedish legislation requires manufacturers to declare information on the content, name and address of the manufacturer, minimum date of durability, sterility, batch number and storage readable on the product label for tattoo inks. Skin allergies occur when the body's immune system reacts to a foreign, chemical substance. In Canada alone, about 38 percent of the adult population has tattoos.Īllergic reactions can occur long after body modification. The researchers analyzed 73 tattoo ink samples collected from suppliers and online retailers, many of which were fabricated in the United States, and found most fail to meet industry standards-if the industry standards even existed. Yolanda Hedberg, Western's Canada Research Chair in corrosion science, led a study on tattoo inks in Sweden, in collaboration with other researchers at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, the Center of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, and University of Graz in Austria. There are dozens of known allergens in tattoo inks, including metallic substances and organic pigments, that go relatively unchecked in North America.
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